Nuclear War Movies Dr. Strangelove and Threads - 1345 Words

Many movies have been made that depict the what-ifs of a nuclear war. The two I am going to be discussing are Dr. Strangelove and Threads. Dr. Strangelove is about a paranoid Air Force base commander, orders a squadron of B-52 bombers into the Soviet Union to drop hydrogen bombs on military targets. He is the only one who knows the recall code that could be transmitted to abort the mission. At the pentagon, the U.S. President speaks with the Joint Chiefs in the war room to address the problem. General Turgidson sees this as an opportunity to completely destroy the â€Å"Commies† and prevent their inevitable retaliation. The president is a pacifist, and he invites the Russian Ambassador into the war room. Together, they call the Russian Premiere†¦show more content†¦The Kemps’ neighbors, the Stothards, are among these. Leaving in the Peugeot station wagon, its roof and seats piled with belongings find themselves caught up in the major influx of people heading fo r remote towns. Stopped by police on an essential service route, they are directed to the M1 where single-lane traffic is being allowed to proceed. Mr. Stothard takes the officer’s suggestion and carries on to his relatives using this route. Sheffield’s peacetime chief executive, Mr. Sutton, is also being advised of changes that need to be made to prepare for the possibility of attack. If necessary, the chief executive can be given full powers of internal government. He is advised to summon the pre-determined emergency, and the government is requisitioning raw materials for possible wartime use. As riots break out in the U.K., the government starts to reinforce Europe by taking control of British Airways and cross-channel ferries, leaving thousands of travelers stranded. The Royal Navy also moves in to guard the oil rigs of the North Sea. More disturbing, the U.S. aircraft carrier ‘Kittyhawk’ is sunk by a Soviet summoned to the fallout shelter below the ci ty hall. Hospitals are cleared out for expected casualties. Art galleries are also cleared and the paintings put into storage. May 26, 1984 TheShow MoreRelated The Atomic Bomb Changed the World Forever Essay2523 Words   |  11 Pagesa temporary resolution that lead to another conflict. The Cold War was a political standoff between the Soviet Union and the United States that again created a new worldwide nuclear threat. The destructive potential of nuclear weapons had created a global sweep of fear as to what might happen if these terrible forces where unleashed again. The technology involved in building the first atomic bombs has grown into the creation of nuclear weapons that are potentially 40 times more powerful than the originalRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple

History of Social Policy Free Essays

1. Explain the meaning of the following terms: industrialisation; urbanisation; public health problems and the implications for state provisions The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and technology had an extreme effect on the society’s economic and cultural conditions. Starting in the United Kingdom, then consequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and ultimately the world. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Social Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history. Almost every feature of daily life was influenced in some way. Most particularly, average income and population began to exhibit extraordinary sustained growth. This is known as urbanisation. Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. Rapid urbanisation took place during this period of industrialisation, many people moved from rural to urban areas to get jobs in the rapidly expanding industries in many large towns and cities. It is estimated that 1/6 of the British population visited London during the 18th century, and the most adventurous and ambitious stayed. This urbanisation had huge implications and resulted in complex societal changes which had adverse effects on the public health of communities. Diseases like typhoid and cholera were common. An outbreak of cholera in 1848 killed 14,000 in London. This was due to the housing shortages, sanitation problems, low standards of personal hygiene, polluted drinking water, exploitation of workers and widespread poverty. Great Britain in the nineteenth century was a great bastion of individualism where that unsympathetic principle of the political economists -laissez faire- dominated public opinion, and Parliament. The individualist theory of government holds that the position of state is to protect the liberty of individuals to act as they wish, as long as they do not infringe upon the liberties of others. Although there has been extended debate over whether this â€Å"age of -laissez faire† gave way to an â€Å"age of collectivism,† This is the period regarded as the source for the widespread collectivism that would ollow. Collectivism At its root is the belief that a collective is more than just individuals interacting together. It is the belief that the group is an entity itself, more important than the sum of the individuals. Put simply by John F. Kennedy â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country. † And that is exactly what happened , In 1875 state intervention meant that a public health act was passed. This implemented that all new residential construction had to include running water, and an internal drainage system. Also the act meant that all towns had to have pavements and street lights. Yet there was still alot that needed to be done which meant more state intervention was necessary. The national insurance scheme introduced by the liberal government in 1911, gave most workers health insurance and unemployment benefits for workers in industries with high risks of unemployment. But by the 1920s and 1930s the economic depression and widespread unemployment meant that the national insurance scheme was paying out more that it recieved. Benefits were cut and a means test was imposed. This did not change a thing however, poverty was pervasive and particularly among the families of the unemployed. 2. Assess the relationship between laissez faire and ideas of welfare and poverty in the 19th century. Give examples including reference to the poor laws. The original people that believed in and encouraged laissez-faire were the physiocrats (political economists). The physiocrats were followers of the physiocrat school of economic thought, and were in a way the predecessors of classical economists. Although some of their more renowned ideas were very backwards, like believing that only land (physical assets) produced revenue, they certainly were the first to come up with the notion of laissez-faire. (or no government interference) In 1563 the poor of Britain were branded for the first time into deserving, and the undeserving. The elderly and the very young, the infirm, and families who irregularly found themselves in financial difficulties due to a change in circumstance were considered deserving of social support. But people who often turned to crime to make a living such as, highwaymen or pickpockets, migrant workers who roamed the country looking for work, and individuals who begged for a living, were to be treated unsympathetically. The act of 1572 introduced the first necessary poor local poor law tax, an important step acknowledging that alleviating poverty was the responsibility of local communities, in 1576 the concept of the workhouse was born, and in 1597 the post of overseer of the poor was created. The great act of 1601 combined all the previous acts and set the benchmark for the next two hundred years. The Poor Laws passed during the reign of Queen Elizabeth played an essential role in the country’s welfare. They signalled important progression from private charity to welfare state, where the care and supervision of the poor was embodied in law and integral to the management of each town, village and hamlet. In 1843, the newspaper The Economist was founded, and became an influential voice for laissez-faire capitalism. In response to the Irish famine of 1846–1849, in which over 1. 5 million people died of starvation, they argued that for the government to supply free food for the Irish would violate natural law. Clarendon, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, wrote, â€Å"I don’t think there is another legislature in Europe that would disregard such suffering. † Laissez-faire policy was never absolute in any nation, and at the end of the 19th century, European countries again took up some economic protectionism and interventionism. France for example, started cancelling its free trade agreements with other European countries in 1890. Germany’s protectionism started (again) with a December 1878 letter from Bismarck, resulting in the iron and rye tariff of 1879. 1929 was a crucial year across the globe. When the United States stock market crashed, ripples were felt across Europe. As hardship and insecurity walked hand-in-hand into the 1930s, they met increasing unemployment and poverty. As president of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt took action by implementing a new economic strategy in the New Deal. This model was the â€Å"optimistic activism, experimentation, and interventionist reforms† that the country so desperately needed at the time whilst the USA committed herself to social justice and firmly held the belief of government responsibility towards its citizens, the USSR praised socialism and developed communism. The United Kingdom saw the action other global governments were taking, and decided to follow the lead. In 1935 Attlee became the new leader of the Labour Party. At that time the Conservative government feared the spread of communism from the Soviet Union to the rest of Europe. In 1940 Attlee joined the coalition government headed by Winston Churchill. He was virtually deputy Prime Minister although this post did not formally become his until 1942. It was afterwards claimed that during the Second World War Attlee worked as a restraining influence on some of Churchill’s wilder schemes The Labour party published the Beveridge Report (1942), the bestselling â€Å"report (that) set out social programs to slay the ‘five giants’: Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness†. In 1945 Herbert Morrison (who was defeated by Clement Attlee for the leadership of the Labour Party in 1935) was given responsibility for drafting the Labour Party manifesto that included the blueprints for the nationalization and welfare programmes. The Labour Party was a socialist party and proud of it. As a result, the Labour government â€Å"established free medical care under a newly constituted National Health Service, created new systems of pensions, encourage better education and housing, and sought to deliver on the unambiguous commitment to ‘full employment. In 1945, the United Kingdom gave birth to the first modern welfare state. 3. How did the political ideology of the new right wing impact on social policies under Mrs Thatcher? What is a political ideology? Alcock (2003, p. 194, original emphasis) argues that ideology is ‘a concept that refers to the systems of beliefs within which all individuals perceive all social phenomena’. He goes on to stating that ‘in this usage no one system of beliefs is more correct, or more privileged, than any other’. Heywood (2003, p. 12) suggests, an ideology is a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides the basis for organized political action, whether this is intended to preserve, modify or overthrow the existing system of power. The new right, it is generally accepted that the political ideology of the New Right contains two interrelated but also sometimes contradictory strands of political thought: neo-liberalism and neo-conservatism. The core elements of neo-liberalism are support for individualism, laissez faire and limited government intervention in economy and society. Neo-liberals believe that individuals are rational and therefore the best judges of their own best nterests and that they should be allowed the utmost possible individual freedom to determine their own behavior subject only to the restriction that their behavior should not harm others. The core elements of neo-conservatism differ in several respects from those of neo-liberalism. Whereas classic liberals are all in favor of free individualistic decision making, conservatives put forward that this kind of individualism is a recipe for anarchy and that individual freedom, can best be guaranteed via respect for traditional norms, values and i nstitutions. They declare that traditional institutions and patterns of social behavior which have stood the test of time must have done so because they have been socially beneficial which leads neo-Conservatives to support the maintenance or at most only gradual change in the existing social order which implies support for traditional sources of authority, traditional patterns of social and economic inequality, traditional institutions and traditional values. They are therefore expected to be supporters of strong but limited government, the Monarchy and the Aristocracy, the Church, the traditional family and traditional education. Under the leadership of Mrs Thatcher the conservatives made it their duty to do away with socialism and to reduce the power of the trade unions. Thatcher’s government made changes to the N. H. S, by creating the internal market. This was down to the Griffiths reports (1983) which suggested that the N. H. S should be run like a super market. Instead of meeting patients’ needs, trusts would be run in competition with one another for patients. Administration costs in the N. H. S in 1979 were around 6%. After the introduction of the internal market these costs had doubled to 12%. this shows that Thatcher had introduced inefficiencies as a result of outsourcing and duplication of work. However, Thatcher’s intended privatisation was never carried through completely due to the backlash from the pub lic. Tebbit once described the N. H. S as the nearest thing in Britain to a â€Å"national religion†. The conservative government also contributed in making reforms to the state education system. The Conservatives’ 1979 Education Act removed the requirements introduced by previous Labor Governments that Local Authorities whose secondary schools were not currently organized on comprehensive lines must prepare plans for the transition to comprehensive education. Also under the 1979 Act Local Authorities were requested to place greater emphasis on parental choice in the allocation of school places although it has been suggested that in practice this requirement had only limited practical effects. The 1980 Education Act introduced an assisted Places Scheme which subsidized students who passed an entrance examination but whose parents had limited funds to be educated at private schools in the hope that this would enable these more able students to develop their talents more fully than would be possible in the state sector of education. This policy is a sign of a Conservative belief that state schools were often incapable of developing the talents of the most gifted pupils and in effect provided a state subsidy to the private education sector which the Conservatives wished to support. An important reform was the 1986 Education Act. This abolished corporal punishment in state schools. Other than this the Thatcher lead conservative party made many more changes to the education system Under the terms of the 1988 Education Reform Act, the following education policies were introduced. A National Curriculum was introduced which was to be followed compulsorily in all mainstream state schools but remained optional for independent schools. The National Curriculum was originally to contain 10 compulsory subjects of which 3 [English, Mathematics and Science] were to be â€Å"core† subjects and 7 [History, Geography, Technology, Music, Art, PE and a modern foreign language {at key stages 3 and 4}] were to be foundation subjects. Welsh was to be a Core Subject in Welsh -speaking schools and a foundation subject in Welsh non-Welsh speaking schools. RE was to be a compulsory â€Å"basic† subject in all schools although problems would arise surrounding the precise nature of the RE curriculum which was to be primarily based around Christianity except where the ethnic/religious composition of the school population suggested that this was inappropriate. In conclusion Thatcher’s conservative party had an immense impact and made numerous reforms and changes whilst in government. After all she is not called a social policy expert (Clare Beckett: The 20 Prime Ministers of the 20th Century) for nothing. How to cite History of Social Policy, Papers

Human Rights Law Members of Organization

Question: Describe about the Human Rights Law for Members of Organization. Answer: The African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, which is called as Banjul Charter, was given approval on 27 June 1981 and it started working from 21 October 1986. It has been accepted by 53 States members of Organization of African Unity (OAU). In order to make a human right system which is regional, the African Charter has followed the Inter-American and the European system. The Charter has many unique features regarding the norms that it acknowledge though there are many characteristics that are similar to other regional charter. The African Charter is unique as it has given more importance on right of the people which shows social traditions of collective and group life of Africa. A single member of any class or group is always inferior to the group and is not considered to be independent. These groups have some rights and the individuals have duties towards the concerned groups. Therefore, the Charter stipulates individuals rights and duties. The Charters preamble speaks about t he removing of Zionism, i.e., political movement of the Jews and Jewish culture that is to be compared with Colonialism which means the policy of making control over one country by a superior country in order to make it a colony, which has been faced by Africa in the past[1]. Analysing the position of the African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights: A Commission has been established by the Charter to encourage right of the people and look after their protection in Africa. The said Commission shall be consisting of eleven members who are selected from the people of the highest authority in Africa and special consideration is given to persons having legal knowledge[2]. If any party to the Charter has some good cause and facts to believe that any other Party have derogated the provisions mentioned in the Charter, it may notify the fact to that State in writing. This communication should be also notified to the Chairman of the Commission and also to the Secretary-General of OAU. The concerned State to which the communication has been made has to provide written explanation to elucidate the matter in question. The explanation should include all the possible and relevant information which is related to the rules and laws that are applicable and the remedy provided. If the issue is not settled with full satisfaction between the two parties within three months from the date when the communication was received by the answering State, the either state has the right to report the concerned matter to the Commission through its Chairman and will provide notice to the other State[3]. If any Party to the Charter have the opinion that any other Party has insulted the provisions, the matter can be referred to the Commission directly by making the notification to the Chairman, to the Secretary-General of the OAU and the concerned State. The matter is solved by the Commission when all the remedies that can be provided by the party itself have been used. At the time of considering the matter, the Commission may ask for all relevant information from the State. The concerned State can submit written or oral representation before the Commission. After receiving all the relevant information from the State concerned and from all other sources and after trying to reach to a friendly solution in terms of rights of the people, the Commission within a proper period of time shall make a report which will state the facts and findings. This report is to be sent to the concerned States and also will be notified to the Assembly of Heads of States and Government. Any useful recommend ations can also be made by the Commission while transmitting the report[4]. A list of various communications shall be made by the Secretary of the Commission and is passed to the members to the Commission, who determines which particular communication is to be taken into account. The communication that is taken into account is determined by the decision taken by the majority of the members. A communication is considered if they coexists with the Charter of the OAU, is not depends on the news that are differentiated by the media, should not deal with the cases that are already referred to and settled by the States that are involved according to the provisions of the United Nations Charter or the OAU. Prior to any substantiating consideration, the Chairman of the Commission should pass all the communications to the particular State[5]. After deliberation, if the Commission thinks that a single communication or more than one communications seems to be related to some special situations which disclose the presence of massive derogation of right of the people, shall bring it to the notice of the Assembly of the Heads of State and Government. The Government and Assembly of the Heads of State after getting the notice can ask the Commission to go through a deep study regarding these situations and frame a report based on the facts, including its findings and recommendations. It is to be noted that individuals and inter-State complaints are automatically accepted by the Commission after it is ratified by the African Charter. The measures that are taken are to be kept in confidence till the Assembly of Heads of State and Government thinks fit. The distinction between the limitations and derogations within the human rights discourse: In the African Charter of Human and Peoples Rights, there are certain rights and duties of the individuals that have been mentioned in the Chapter I Part I and Chapter II respectively. Some of the rights mentioned are equality before law, right to receive information, right to have freedom of association and movement, right to property, right to respect for his life, right to education etc. Some of the duties that have been mentioned in the Charter are that every individual has his duties towards the society and his family as well as the State or international communities, an individual has the duty to serve his nation, to promote African unity etc. It is the duty of the State parties to encourage and protect through educating, teaching and publishing the rights and duties to the individuals. It is the duty of the State to look after the freedom of the courts in order to protect the above rights and freedoms[6]. Therefore, the rights and the duties are the limitations of the individuals that have been provided by the Charter with keeping in mind the human psychology and requirement. All the individuals including the State will have to act accordingly. Whereas, the derogation mean the violation or insulting of the provisions mentioned in the Charter which is considered as unlawful unless it has been done reasonably in course of some public emergency. Any individual or the State will have to provide proper reason for the derogation made by them[7]. Bibliography: Achpr. (2016). African Charter on Human and People's Rights. Retrieved November 22, 2016, from achpr.org: www.achpr.org/instruments/achpr Achpr. (2016). African Commission on Human and People's Rights. Retrieved November 22, 2016, from achpr.org: www.achpr.org Ihrda. (2012, October). African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights (ACmHPR). Retrieved November 23, 2016, from Ihrda: https://www.ihrda.org/2012/10/african-commission-on-human-and-peoples-rights-acmhpr/ Ijrcenter. (2012). African human rights system. Retrieved November 23, 2016, from Ijrcenter: https://www.ijrcenter.org/regional/african/ Internationalhumanrightslaw. (2015, September 30). Limitations, exception and derogations. Retrieved November 23, 2016, from Internationalhumanrightslaw: https://internationalhumanrightslaw.net/class/limitations-exceptions-derogations/ Leganet. (2016). Protection of Human Rights in Africa. Retrieved November 22, 2016, from leganet.cd: www.leganet.cd/Doctrine.textes/DroitPublic/DH/ProtectionofHR Opensocietyfoundations. (2013, June). African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights. Retrieved November 23, 2016, from Opensocietyfoundations: https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/fact-sheets/african-commission-human-and-peoples-rights